THE WHOLE HISTORY
Origin of the church
The Bali church, later called Gereja Kristen Protestant in Bali (GKPB), was founded in 1931. The Bali Church changed its name to the Protestant Christian Church in Bali, because the church is for all people, regardless of ethnicity and race, without discrimination, including international visitors.
From the very beginning of Christianity in Bali there has been a struggle that lasted more than 70 years and goes on even now. GKPB has a synod and is the biggest Christian church in Bali whose mission is not only in the cities, but in nearly all the villages and regions. It is a church for all ethnic groups but most of the church members have a Balinese background. GKPB works at the grassroots of the Balinese people. Most of these people work as tenant farmers, because the land is owned by landlords who are mainly from the high caste. The church is working amongst the poor and helps many people, as Jesus taught.
Bali’s first contact with Christianity resulted from a letter sent by the King of Klungkung to the Vatican in 1635 expressing his eagerness to forge ties between the Balinese people and the Catholic Church. In his letter, written on a lontar leaf, the king wrote: “I would very much like for us to be close allies and would be happy to receive your representatives here to facilitate the conversion to Christianity of those Balinese people who so desire.” The Vatican responded to the letter by dispatching missionaries to Bali. On the 11 March, 1635, two priests stationed in the Moluccas – Father Manuel Carualho and Azeuado S.J. – left for Bali. But their visit did not entail immediate efforts at Christianisation and there are no records that any of the people of Klungkung were baptized during the priests’ stay on the island.
Then Jacob de Vroom, a Dutch Reformed Church missionary working in Bali since 1867, baptised the first Balinese Gusti Wayan Karangasem in North Bali. After a painful incident however, the missionary was killed on 8 June 1881.
Unwanted
After this incident, it took until 1929, when Mr. Salam Watias from East Java was sent to Bali by the British Bible Society and was allowed to work there as a colporteur, selling Christian literature and the bible. Many people were interested; in the eyes of Bishop Ayub it seemed a preparation of mission, begun in Bali by God himself.
At that time the Dutch government gave permission to the Christian & Mission Alliance (C&MA), an alliance of fundamentalist Christians with an office in the USA, to begin work in Bali. This organization then gave permission to the Chinese Pastor Tsang-To Hang to work as a missionary, but only amongst the Chinese in Denpasar City. With the help of a woman who worked for him as a housekeeper, Pastor Tsang-To Hang got in contact with the Balinese Pan Loting, who was not satisfied with Hinduism and had already read The Bible, sold to him by Salam Watias.
Pan Loting was a teacher of mysticism and had many followers who were seeking a true God and were interested to learn about the new Christian religion. They found that in the person of Jesus Christ.
On 11 November 1931 12 new Christians, Pan Loting and his followers, were baptised by Rev.Dr. R.A. Jaffray, leader of C&MA in Indonesia, in the River Tukad Yeh Poh, which means “river, water, mango”. 11 November 1931 was the birth of the Protestant Christian Church in Bali.
In 1935 82 new Christians were baptised and in 1955, 20 years later, 579 families consisting of 2572 people were baptised. There were sixteen church buildings, fourpastors, thirteen lay preachers and seventeen congregations * .
The C&MA was against the Balinese culture and demanded in its fanatism that people who wanted to become Christian destroy their temples before they were baptised. They told the Christians: “it is better to give the offerings to the dogs than to the temple”.
Those Christians became a new, second class of Balinese because they dressed like the Dutch and destroyed their temples. This behaviour caused a gap between the new Balinese Christians and the Hindus and created manyproblems. The Christians suffered from this and became unwanted.
The local leaders (Adat) decided that the Hindu Balinese population was no longer allowed to meet and talk with the Christian Balinese.
If the Christians owned a shop, the Hindus were not allowed to buy anything there, the Christians received no water for the rice fields, and they were not allowed to bury their family in the cemetery. If one member of the family became a Christian, he or she would lose the family and property. Unwanted…..
Not only to save the soul
The Hindus came to Bali in the 16th century after the fall of the Majapahid Kingdom in Java when it was taken over by the Muslims. The Hindus who did not accept the Muslim faith decided to move to Bali. Those who moved – with a strong Hindu faith – found that the Balinese already had the animism with a rich Balinese culture. The Hinduism and the Animism formed the religion in Bali. The Hindus who came to Bali were newcomers, just like other newcomers.
In Hindu philosophy three principles exist: TRI HITA KARANA which means God People Land: the spiritual world, the world of human beings and the natural world around them. These three principles are connected and overlap each other; the Balinese believe that it is the responsibility of human beings to make sure that this interaction is balanced and harmonious. The Balinese accomplish this through ritual expressed in the form of religious offerings. This philosophy is of great influence on the life of the people and also of great influence on the struggle between Hindu and Christian population. One can not talk about God without connection to people and land.
The Temple Besakih on Mount Agung symbolises the principle of God, people, land. For the Balinese this is the centre of the world. In the villages there are always village temples, families have their family temple, poor people make their small offerings in the rice fields or cemetery. In other words, if people leave the religion and convert to other Gods, they are no longer part of Tri Hita Karana and lose their right to be part of the community or to own land.
That is why the mission of the church is not only to save the soul and forget the body, but save the soul, the body, property and provide education. From this point of view the church needs money to support Balinese Christians.
As for facilities in the different religions, the Muslims have their Mosque, the Buddhists and Hindus have their temples and the Protestants and Catholics their churches. The temple is vital in the Hindu religion: there are temples in every village. Therefore Hindus who become Christians like to have a church to meet in and worship God. Without a church, they feel there is no real religion. For this reason the Bali Church has built many churches in the villages.
Bali as a museum of the world
During the Dutch colonialism, Dutch law was made. Because of all the problems caused by the different religions, no missionaries were allowed to go to Bali. The Dutch decided to preserve Bali and its unique culture as a ‘museum of the world’. So the C&MA was send away by the Dutch government and not allowed to work in Bali anymore. The new Balinese Christians felt like an abandoned baby, without mother church.
The Dutch Reformed Church worked with the Protestant Christian Church of East Java called “Gereja Kristen Jawi Wetan”. From 1933-1940 Javanese missionaries went to Bali to assist the new Balinese Christians and adapted a very fundamentalistic culture between the Balinese and Javanese. They said “We are Wong Majapahit, we are Balinese, we are of the same family”. They did not come to Bali to teach the Balinese, but to work as friendW. For this reason the Balinese accepted them as friends. The Dutch Reformed Church in Java sent Dr. Hendrik Kraemer to Bali to look after the new Balinese Christians.
When the Second World War began the Japanese took over Indonesia and the Javanese missionaries left Bali. Again the new Balinese Christians had no one to look after them. Again they became unwanted.From 1940-1945 during the Japanese occupation, the new Christians found themselves in a very difficult position, because the Japanese thought that the new Christians had a very close relationship with the Dutch.
In 1934 Dr. Kraemer sent four pastors from East Java to Bali: Guru Tartib, Guru Darmoadi, Guru Efayim and Guru Nechamia. In 1943 Rev. Made Rungu went to Mojowarno and was ordained as the first Balinese pastor by the Protestant Christian Church of East Java.
From 1945-1952 Dutch missionaries returned to Bali. There was a nationalist revolution against the Dutch and after the Independence the Dutch missionaries were in a difficult position. Moreover the Balinese had their doubts about the new Christians because they believed they collaborated with the Dutch. Then the Bali Church sent the Dutch missionaries away and the church was again abondoned and unwanted.
The struggle to survive
The church struggled to survive with young leaders. New Christians were sent to Makasar to study theology. Made Ayub, was one of them. A theological seminary was built in Bali. In July 1948 Sekolah Guru Injil (which means Gospel) was built in Untal Untal. The teachers were Rev. Gramberg, Mrs Fransz, Dr. G.L. Swellengrebel, Dr. H.J. Franken and Rev. H.J. Visch. Later in 1953 the Sekolah Guru Injil moved to the Pesraman school in Penyobekan, Denpasar with Made Ayub as its Chairman. In the beginning there were twelve students including Ketut Yahya, Gede Sadra, Gusti Bagus Diksa, Gusti Putu Reka, Wayan Raneng and Wayan Kirig.
Then from 1950 until 1963 there was a struggle of the Indonesian Government for West Papua and again the relationship between the Dutch and Indonesian Government was not good. This also affected the Bali Church.
In these difficult times (the Second World War, the Independence of Indonesia in 1945 and the revolution against the Dutch until 1949) the church grew despite limited support.
Between 1952 and 1965 there was much trouble because of Papua New Guinea, the eruption of Mount Agung in 1963 and the communist coup in 1965 .
The position of the church was difficult during the communist coup. After 50 years President Sukarno introduced democracy and made it possible to form political parties, such as Parkindo (Partai Kristen Indonesia), Partai Katholic Indonesia and many others, including Muslim and Partai Kommunist Indonesia (PKI). There was a lack of theological understanding between politics and church leaders. Those who were Christians and could not join the Christian party went to other parties and some Christians became members of the Communist party. The leader of the Christian church also was the leader of the Christian party. It was a dangerous situation, because politics and religion were not separated any more. In 1965 during the Communist coup it was dangerous for church members.
Thousands of people were killed including some Christians. The Communists disliked Christianity, because the Christians believe in one God. Apparently the belief in one God was more of a threat than other religions that have more gods mixed with animism. The church was in danger because of political problems. During that time there was political control in the church. The chairman of the church, Suwetja, was also chairman of the Christian Party (Parkindo) while General Secretary Daniel was a Communist. The son of Daniel was joining the IPPI, the student communist party. After the coup Daniels son was nearly killed. Bishop Suyaga Ayub during that time was chairman of the youth fellowship.
After the Communist coup many Communist people decided to become Christians. It was good to have new members, but on the other hand the church had to be careful that people did not say that Christians were also Communists.
Because of all the difficulties, a lot of documents and information relating to the period between 1958-1972 are missing.
At the end of 1971 Rev. Visch was sent out of Bali because the relationship was not good. Mastra wrote a dissertation which criticized Dr. Kraemer. When Mastra was elected Chairman of the Synod, the relationship with the Dutch Reformed Church therefore worsened. The Dutch Reformed Church wanted the training centre to be a centre for all churches, but the Bali Church was of the opinion that the centre should be self supporting under the responsibility of one Synod. After that the program “Kom over de Brug” to build a training centre was cancelled. When Bishop Ayub was elected General Secretary in 1976 he visited the Dutch Reformed Church. This was the beginning of a new relationship. The Bali Church and the Dutch Church started to visit each other again.
At present the relationship with the Dutch Reformed Church, now called the Uniting Church in the Netherlands, is stronger. The Uniting Church takes part in the dialogue program of the Christian churches.
In the period between 1965 and 1972, because of many difficulties in the villages, a lot of Balinese Christians moved from Bali to Parigi in Central Sulawesi and other parts of Indonesia, such as South and North Sulawesi, Bengkulu, Sumatra and East Timor. Actually many Balinese already became Christians, but because of the pressure in Bali they decided to become Christians outside Bali. Nowadays more than 17.000 Balinese Christians live outside Bali.
Blimbingsari
New Exodus to Alas Rangda – Jungle of the King of Devils
In the year 1939 the Resident, Mr Janssen, started a discussion about the many problems caused by the Christians, because they had become strangers in their own villages. He wanted to stop the problems and decided to move the Christians to Alas Rangda in the Western part of Bali, 127 km. west of Denpasar. They were going right into the jungle with mosquitoes and malaria. Rangda is also the bad God in the Barong dance. Nowadays Alas Rangda is known as Blimbingsari. Blimbing means star fruit tree, and sari means essence. Essence has a very spiritual meaning in Hindu religion, essence of flowers, of offerings.
During the Dutch colonisation the Dutch already had enough problems, and the tensions between the Balinese Hindus and Balinese Christians only added to them. The Dutch were committed to non interference with the Bali Hindu religion and wanted to preserve the Hindu culture. The Dutch thought that if the Christians are isolated in one village, not only would the problems stop, but it might also mean the end of Christianity in Bali. However, the Holy Spirit could not be stopped.
The Resident, Mr. Janssen, asked the Balinese Christians if they were unafraid to go into the jungle, but they said that God would protect them. The Resident later admitted he was a Christian too.
For the Balinese Christians it felt like a new Exodus to the Promised Land. Forty fathers were taken from different villages in Bali. Before taking their families to Blimbingsari, first the heads of the family had to open the jungle. Although they had to cope with many difficulties like malaria, they opened the jungle by clearing trees. Each morning began with prayer and the day ended with singing “Suryane sampun surup” – a song about the sunset and the blessings of God. They built a village in the design of a cross right into the jungle and the first 29 Christian families moved in.
Blimbingsari grew, and a lot of Balinese Christians joined the community in Blimbingsari, a village with 100% Christians. The people became educated, an artistic church was built with family settlements as well as an orphanage, school and clinic and it was judged to be the best village in Bali.
See also: Blimbingsari under congregations.
An independent church
In 1949, after almost 20 years of struggle, the Protestant Christian Church in Bali became an independent church.
After the Indonesian independence in 1945 the Dutch government tried to take over again. This also influenced the leaders of the Bali church and there was a discussion whether the church should be in partnership with the Dutch Reformed Church, or the East Java Church, or become independent and self reliant. The desire of Indonesia to be independent also influenced the church leaders. So there was a quarrel in the Synod, as one group still wanted to cooperate with the Dutch Reformed Church and another group liked to be independent. Made Ayub was part of the second group.
From 14-16 January 1948 there was a Synod meeting in Blimbingsari. Chairman of the Synod was Ds. Made Rungu, Vice-chairman Wayan Pendak, First secretary Suwetja and Second Secretary Wayan Regog, who was also the First Treasurer. Sustraedimedjo was Second Treasurer. There were two other members, Moarsadarmodjo and Made Ayub. After the elections, the members voted about whether to become independent or not. The Dutch Rev. Gramberg wanted to be in control, but there was a small majority for independence: 89 against 82. It was decided that the church should be recognised as an independent Bali church.
Because only a small majority was in favour of an independent church, the discussions about continued. The church was not very stable during that period. A few members left the church. Executives of the church formed a team of peace and reconciliation, and Made Ayub was chairman of this team.
On 18 October 1948 the Bali Church in Blimbingsari requested permission of the Dutch mission consulate in Batavia to be recognised as the Protestant Christian Church. On 11 of August 1949 this request was granted, as stated in Staatsblad No. 214.
When the church became independent the Dutch missionaries were sent back to The Netherlands.
In 1949 the Synod met in Bongan, where Made Ayub was elected to be the first Chairman of the Protestant Christian Church in Bali.
The vice-Chairman was Ketut Yahya, a former theology student. First Secretary was Made Mawa, Second Secretary Gusti Bagus Diksa, the Treasurer was still Sustraedimedjo and committee members were Darmonedjo and Rev. Gramberg.
In 1951 the Protestant Christian Church in Bali was accepted as a member of the Indonesian Council of Churches in the Eastern part of Indonesia and then automatically became member of the Indonesian Council of Churches.
At first the church was guided by regulations and procedures. Dealing with the problems showed that the church needed a Constitution (Church Law). Rev. Rungu and Rev. Ketut Suwetja drew up a Constitution, with the help of Rev. Gramberg. The Constitution was accepted by the Synod in Padangtawang in 1952. On 2 April 1959 the Synod office, a very small bamboo building located in Untal Untal, moved to Penyobekan, Denpasar.
In 1963 during the eruption of Mount Agung the church played an active role and worked together with the Church World Service. People were evacuated to the Seminary school in Denpasar. The church helped many people to move as transmigrants to Sulawesi. During this period the number of Christians increased.
The period of contextualisation
The first generation, although they had a limited theological understanding, had a very strong commitment and had to cope with dangerous situations. The spirit of serving Christ was very strong, the friendship and fellowships amongst church members was close, they supported each other so that the church, still unwanted, was growing and moving on. Then the second generation of younger theology students finished their study, which gave a new understanding and impulse to the Bali church to become a living church.
In the village of Abianbase the Bali Church began to form their service program in Tri Pangsilan Gereja, which means three callings for a church: Koinonia (fellowship) Marturia (witness) and Diakonia (deaconry). From these callings the departments were formed.
The 1972 Synod Meeting became known as “the Watershed Synod Conference”. Dr. Mastra was elected as Chairman of the Synod. The organisation of the church was divided into structure and program, moving towards a living church.
1. Department Persikutuan dan Pembinaan – fellowship and training (koinonia)
2. Department Kesksian dan Pengembangan – church growth and witness (maturia).
3. Department Pelayanan dan Usaha – service and business development (diakonia)
Furthermore the Synod gave a high priority to the implementation of contextualisation: we are Balinese, we are “Wong majapahit”, of the same family.
The vision behind contextualisation is: Jesus was born among Jews in Israel, but if He were be born in Japan, He would be Japanese, if He were born in Bali, He would be Balinese. The big mistake of western churches in their approach to the Third world was not only telling about Jesus Christ, but at the same time exporting their theology, buildings and culture. But the message of Christ is fit for any kind of culture. Therefore in Bali the message of Christ must be related to the cultural context of Bali. In the West most of the Christians built their churches with small windows, fit for cold winters, like a garage. In Bali, where it is warm we can see that all the temples are in open air.
In fact the Government always urges people not to lose their Balinese Hindu culture and identity. The Christian church agrees with this, but when the church acts according to the Balinese culture, Hindus often do not accept this. The Bali Church does not want to destroy culture, but improve it and be part of it.
The Bali Church implemented this mission in the following ways:
* Balinese character of buildings
The new Christian church in Blimbingsari is divided in three parts: the front, the holy and the most holy of the church. The church is open, the front wall is five meters from the main building. Although there is a cross on top of the building, when looking at the church you get the impression of a real Balinese building. In Hinduism the Trinity of gods exist: Brahma, the god of fire, Visnu, the god of water and Shiva, the god of air. In the top of this church there is a glass ceiling, so the sunlight, representing fire (Brahma) shines into the church. Behind the altar water is flowing (Visnu) and there is a stick of Moses to symbolise that when Israel complained why there is no water, God asked Moses to talk to the rocks to get water. But Moses got upset and struck the rocks with his stick. Then water gushed from the rocks and people could drink.
Because the church is open, the wind is blowing from outside throughout the building (Shiva). The church is surrounded by a very nice garden. Similar to the Tri Hita Karana philosophy all elements of balance and harmony are symbolized in the design of the church, when it comes to worshipping God. Not only the relationship between people and God and among people, but also the relationship with the environment has to be harmonious and in balance. This relationship with the environment is realized by the breeze of the wind, the sound of the water and the singing of birds. All people should realize that they are part of all creation, including nature.
Almost all of Bali churches are build in the Balinese style.
* Number of church buildings
The temple is vital in the Hindu religion, it is the symbol of their religion for worshipping their gods. Therefore having a church is also vital for Balinese Christians. Without a church, into their opinion there is no real religion. For this reason Bali church built many churches in the villages.
* Balinese colours
In Bali church the pastors do not wear a black rope, but a white rope, because in Balinese culture, black is the sign of mourning and white and yellow represent holiness.
* Balinese language
Most services are in Bahasa Indonesia, but once a month also in Balinese, in order to maintain the Balinese culture.
* Expressing the story of the bible in a Balinese dance
In all religious teaching the Hindus use Balinese dance, Balinese songs and gambelan music as a tool. Balinese Christians could not go to a Christian movie without the permission of the government. But if the story of the bible is told in a Balinese dance, no permission is needed. Therefore the church expresses the story of the bible in a Balinese dance.
Recently Balinese dance is also used to explain politics, because most of the Balinese don’t like reading a book. This is comparable with the Roman Catholics in the Middle Ages, who could read, but understood messages in the Bible with the help of the pictures painted on the stained glass of the windows in the cathedrals and churches.
The Bali church uses the stories such as the birth of Christ, the miracles of healing and the Samaritan in the Balinese dances. Interesting is that those who play the gambelan music, about thirty five mostly Hindu people, don’t mind playing in a Christian service. Afterwards the church gives the story from the bible to the Hindus and asks them to make a new Balinese dance.
* Balinese songs
In the Christian church services and teachings, Balinese tunes are used to tell the story of the bible.
Contextualization is an interesting discussion. It seems to bishop Ayub that the younger generation in general is already influenced by modernisation and western culture. In his opinion the young generation is lost if they lose their identity of the soul, where being religious in eastern culture, you are always part of nature, community and family. In contextualisation the mission must understand the core of a religion: not to serve individuals, but to accept people in relationship with others. The mission in contextualisation is not to pull the seed out of the ground, but to make it grow in the ground. Although this is difficult because of the Tri Hita Karana principle in Hindu culture, there is always the possibility that Christians will be accepted in the community and family.
If you you have won people for Christ, it suggests others have lost; it is not about winning and losing, but about saving all people and being the salt of the earth.
* Christian Artists
There are very popular Christian artists, who are inspired by the message of the bible and make beautiful paintings, such as the Ten Virgins by Nyoman Dharsane, the Life of Christ by I. Gd Yosef C. Darsane, His Birth by I Gd Sukana Kariana, Carry Each Other’s Burdens by I Komang Wahyu S. and Eloi, Eloi, Lamasabakhtani by Ni Ketut Ayu Sri Wardani.
* Liturgy is expressed in a creative way
with the help of a Balinese dance, accompanied by gamelan orchestra. In other words: the local culture is the context of the liturgy.
* Offerings
Offering is central in Balinese Hinduism. Balinese women get up early in the morning to prepare food for their family. Before having breakfast themselves, they use some of the food for offering, for instance a banana leaf and some rice, and put it in different places such as the kitchen, in front of the main gate, in the family temple, in the backyard, in the centre of the house. The priority is on offering, before the family eats. This culture is continued by the Balinese Christians. Thanksgiving now is an established custom in the Bali Church.
* First things first
A new Balinese community will always build a village temple first, before building houses. Before they build their own house, they will always build a family temple first. That is why Balinese Christians feel they should build a church before building a house.
* Struggle for words
After the independence of Indonesia in 1945 until 1952 Indonesia recognised only four religions: Muslim, Buddhist, Christian and Catholic, because these religions believe in one “God Almighty” as is mentioned in the Pancasila. The first principle in the Pancasila is: Ketuhanan yang maha esa, which means: believe in God Almighty. Hinduism was not recognised, because the Hindus have more gods and not one God Almighty. The Hindus of that time were of the opinion that the Hinduism must be a recognized religion in Indonesia, but it was not accepted before 1952. They applied to the central Government. A Dutch scholar, named Dr. Goris, working in Denpasar, suggested to Hindu leaders the use of the words “Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa” instead of “God Almighty”. This was accepted by the Hindu leaders and after 1952 the Hinduism was recognised as an official religion.
In 1998 there was a sensitive issue between Hindus and the Bali Church, because the Bali church translated “God Almighty” into the word “Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa”, which means God Almighty (Jaweh). The Hindus claimed that the words described the Hindu Trinity Brahma, Shiva and Visnu, who are seen as the manifestations of the supreme God, the “the Invisible” Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa. In their opinion Christians should not use the phrase. A lot of debate and criticism followed in Bali Parliament and the newspaper, saying that the Christian Church should not use the Hindu word “Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa” because Christians have their own God. The Christian Church explained to the Hindus ‘God Almighty’ means God for all people and all creations, not only for Hindu or Muslim. Finally the Hindus accepted this explanation. This dispute about the name of God was the starting point of a dialogue between Christians and Hindus.
o The Catholic Church was not allowed to use the name Swasti Astu – peace be with you- for their school, because the Hindus use the name OM Swasti Astu – God be with you. The Catholic church changed the name of the school into St. Aquino.
o The Bali Church named its school Widhya Pura, which means Place of Knowledge. Again the Hindus did not agree, because this name was derived from Veda, the holy book of the Hindus. The church then changed the name of the school (from Kindergarten to highschool) into Harapan Pura, Place of Hope.
o Dhyana pura, which means meditation place, was also not allowed, but the church explained that pura after the noun means place, but before the noun it means temple (Pura Dhyana). For example Singapura means lion place.
o The Balinese Hindus claimed that Balinese costumes are only for the Hindus and Christians should not wear a Balinese costume. But costumes also represent the traditional culture and are not only an expression of religion. The Balinese Christians are born in Bali and in special Christian days they dress in traditional Balinese costumes. Similar, Hindus claim that all the art is owned by them, but art is not religion, but a way of expression. The problem arises because in Hinduism the religion is very dominant and it is difficult to separate daily life and traditions from the religion. Moreover all religions are actually imported to Bali. Before Hinduism came to Bali, it already existed elsewhere.
In 1963 a disaster happened when Mount Agung erupted. The Hindus blamed the Christians, because they believed that this was a sign of anger from the gods. The church tried to work together with the local government. Many Christians left Bali to escape the pressure from Hindu communities and started a new life outside Bali. Because of their dynamism they were accepted everywhere in Indonesia. The Balinese are often compared with the Chinese or the Jews, who are known for their dynamic way of living, such as the introcuction of the farming irrigation system, which is called subak.